中国历代人口数量表-古代有鼓励生育的政策也有计划生育 - 全文

来源:名资汇网 作者:caiji007 2023-11-09 06:35:01
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在养老问题上,80年代的国家口号是“只生一个好,政府养老”;20世纪90年代,“只有一种商品将诞生,政府将为老年人提供保障”;2000年“养老不能靠政府”;到了十年前口号是,“推迟退休是好事,自己养老”。

关于生育问题,建国初期国家的口号是“多生多得的伟大母亲”。在1980年代和1990年代,那是"几个孩子出生,生活幸福"。现在是“一胎少,二胎好,可以养老。父母在照顾小棉袄。”

其实无论是养老问题还是生育问题,都是人口问题。

这一段生动地反映了中国现代人口政策的变化。

最近,有报道称,恒[文]大研究院院长兼首席[章]经济学家任泽平建议[来],为了提高出生率,[自]应对老龄化,应该放[历]开第三胎。可见中国[史]的人口问题已经很严[大]重了。

其实人口问题在古代一直是个大问题。古代也有与现在类似的生育补贴和计划生育政策的讨论。

中国古代人口

无论是计划生育还是生育津贴,其本质都是控制人口。

所以在谈人口政策之前,我们先简单看一下中国历代的人口情况。

(中国历代人口数量表)

中国确实很早就进行[全]了“人口普查”。比[网]如周代的“大比”和[文]古籍中的“三年大比[章]”,就是每三年查一[来]次户口。

最迟自汉朝以来,中国史书上就有明确的人口记载。

从这个简单的统计表中,我们可以发现一个问题。盛世人口剧增,乱世人口锐减。

更重要的节点是乾隆年间,人口已经超过2亿,道光年间,人口达到4亿。

中国现代人口基数太[自]大,其实是那个时期[历]出现的。

从统计表来看,乾隆[史]以前历代人口有增有[大]减,但基本保持在几[全]千万左右,没有超过[网]1亿。

由于战争等原因,人口往往流失很多,这也是古代鼓励生育的主要原因。在中国古代历史上,提倡生儿育女的浪潮可以说一直占据着主导地位。

因此,古人为增加人口,实行了哪些补贴政策?

古代王朝花了很多钱鼓励生育。毕竟在冷兵器时代,人口是国力的根本保证。

根据《国语》,越王勾践早在春秋时期就实行了生育补贴政策。勾践曾下令生男孩的奖品为两壶酒一只狗,生女孩的奖品为两壶酒一只猪。婴儿出生时,必须向政府报告,并由公共医生护理。政府将为三胞胎雇佣一名奶妈,政府将免费为双胞胎提供食物。

孤寡老人、病人和贫[文]困病人的子女由政府[章]教育。

有才华的人由政府提供衣食住行。

不仅如此,还规定死[来]长子者可免其父三年[自]徭役,死庶子可免其[历]父三月徭役。

西汉时期,每一个怀孕的妇女都得到了三种食物的奖励;生完孩子,免徭役两年。对于孤儿,或者“官收子”,或者国家补贴亲戚邻居抚养;

北魏时期,宣武帝还下令不得处死孕妇,这也是明朝的规定;

唐朝规定:“寡、贫、老不能自立者,让近亲收养,无近亲者,交乡一赈。”

此后,宋、元、明、清各朝都对妇女生育进行补贴。


清朝康熙帝也规定“民有所养,不可赋”,其子雍正帝实行“分粮入亩”,取消了秦汉以来实行了两千年的“人头税”,使得以前隐蔽的人口登记得正大光明,也带来了人口的急剧增加。

但是,在古代,经济水平是有限的。当人口达到一定水平,补贴的成本是巨大的。与奖励的难度相比,惩罚似乎容易得多。因此古往今来,婚姻生孩子都有非常严厉的惩罚措施。

比如汉惠帝统治时期[史],就下令“女子十五[大]岁至三十岁不嫁,五[全]算”。按照汉朝的法[网]律,一个算的话,一[文]个算一百二十块,商[章]人和奴婢算两次,五[来]个算重罚。

但是也许大家都不知道,古代虽然重视人口繁衍,但也不一定认为越多越好。许多古人仍然认为适度的人口非常重要。

特别是宋、元、明、清以来,人口激增,社会物质匮乏,很多古人提出了“节育”的思想,和我们八九十年代的计划生育一模一样。

中国古代的计划生育

由于明末农民起义和清末大一统战争“大兵变”的影响,清初全国人口锐减。据《大清实录》记载,当时全国人口只有1900万,但到康熙末年增至2462万,清乾隆六年增至1.4亿,乾隆二十六年增至2亿,乾隆五十五年增至3.1亿。这让乾隆深深感受到人多地少的巨大压力。

对此,他十分关切地说:“我查了一下去年各省报的人数,比康熙时期高出十几倍。生育时间长了,出生牙旺了,盖和藏也不能像以前那么丰了,房子占的地不少于五倍(五倍)。出生的人少,吃饭的人多。我很担心。”

在这里,乾隆皇帝不仅看到了人口过度繁衍(增加了十倍以上)和物质资源过度消耗的严重性,而且看到了在人口增加的同时,也占用了过多的土地用于生活,进一步减少了耕地面积。

乾隆皇帝也知道,这[自]种资源有限、人口无[历]限增长的恶性循环,[史]终有一天会难以维持[大],最终导致社会动荡[全],这让乾隆皇帝胆战[网]心惊,无可奈何。

针对这种情况,清代学者洪亮吉提出了两种解决方案,即“天地调剂法”与“君相调剂法”。

所谓“天地调整法”,是指“水旱灾害”造成的人口减少,类似于马尔萨斯的“积极限制”,但没有马尔科夫的限制那么残酷。

所谓“君相调剂法”,是指移民、垦荒、减税、减免等,比马的独身、禁欲等所谓“访前限制”更人道。

事实上,中国的“计划生育”思想已经萌芽得很早了。

早在洪亮吉之前,东[文]汉王符就提出了“人[章]地相称”的观点。

他说:“地多人少,[来]莫出其材,是谓虚土[自],可袭伐也。土少人[历]多,民非其民,可遗[史]竭也。是故土地人民[大]必相称也”(《潜夫[全]论·实边》)。

此外,战国时期的商[网]鞅、韩非,宋代的苏[文]轼,明代的申时行都[章]主张适度人口。

更难能可贵的是,中国古人也注意到了人口素质的问题。

如早在春秋时代,儒家创始人孔子就曾提出“庶、富、教”的思想:“子适卫,冉有卜。子曰‘庶矣哉’。冉有曰:‘既庶矣 ,又何加焉?’曰‘富之’。曰:‘既富矣,又何加焉?’曰:‘教之。’”(《论语·子路》)

在这里,孔子把富强[来]、财富和教育放在了[自]一起,体现了孔子认[历]为只考虑人口多是不[史]够的,还要使人民富[大]裕、受教育,体现了[全]先秦儒家重视人口素[网]质的思想。

此后,西汉的王绩、[文]东汉的王充、元代的[章]马端临、明代的张介[来]宾、冯梦龙、清代的[自]王士铎、近代的梁启[历]超都或多或少地谈到[史]了人口素质问题。

可见人口问题与民族运动有关,国家人口政策其实在古代就有尝试。

总的来说,人口是变化的,人口政策不能一成不变,政策的调整是渐进的。

对我们个人来说,也[大]要塑造正确的生育观[全]念,不能从一个极端[网]走向另一个极端。不[文]考虑经济成本生几个[章]不可取,不生一个不[来]合理。


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